GEOGRAPHY UNIT.2 THE NATURAL ENVIROMENT

CLIMATE AND BIOGEOGRAPHY IN EUROPE

• MARITIME. Found on the western edge, with mild temperatures and little variation.It has a region of abundant precipitations. 
• MEDITERRANEAN. Found throughout.It has higher temperatures as well as lower and more irregular precipitations. 
• CONTINENTAL. Lower temperatures and huge temperature contrasts because of its distance from the sea,with very dry summers. 
• ALPINE. The altitude causes a decrease in temperatures and an increase in precipitation.This type of climate is found in all the mountain ranges. 
• POLAR. Located beyond the Artic Circle,this climate type has little precipitation (snow) and very low temperatures.

MARITIME. 

Beeches. Any of various deciduous trees of the genus Fagus having smooth gray bark, alternatesimple leaves, and three-sided nuts enclosed in prickly burs.

Shrubs/ thickets

Here there're also deer,foxes,salmon,seals and water birds.

MEDITERRANEAN. 

Meadows.

Cork.

Boar. 

Fallow.

Stork.

Vulture.

CONTINENTAL.

Taiga.The zone of forest vegetation lying on wet soils between the tundra in the north

and steppe hardwood.

Forest in the south.

Firs. 

Steepe.Is an ecoregion,in the montane grasslands and shrublands and temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biomes, characterized by grassland plainswithout trees apart from those near

rivers and lakes

Steppes are usually characterized by a semi-arid and continental climate.

Here there're also brown bear,wolf,marten,mink,deer and raptors.

         

ALPINE. 

Alpine pastures. 

Here there're also deer,wolf,bear,chamois,marmot and eagles.

           

POLAR.  

Tundra. Is a biome where the tree growth ishindered by low temperatures and 

short growing seasons.

Here there're also reindeer, seal and whale.

           

CLIMATE AND BIOGEOGRAPHY IN SPAIN

Spain has an oceanic or Mediterranean climate on the peninsula,an Alpine climate in the higher regions and a Subtropical or Canarian climate in the Canary Islands.

• THE CANTABRIAN COAST AND GALICIA. Has a maritime climate consisting of cool winters and mild summers,with a little variation of temperatures and with rain throughout the year. 
• THE MEDITERRANEAN COAST AND SHOUTHEAST ANDALUCÍA. Has the highest temperatures in Europe.Precipitation is low and irregular. 
• THE INTERIOR OF THE PENINSULA. It is characterised by large contrasts in temperature (very hot summers and very cold winters).Precipitation is low and irregular. 
• ALPINE CLIMATE. This has abundant precipitation and low temperatures,but it varies between the mountain ranges of the North and of the South. 
• CANARIAN OR SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE. Is hot and dry, there are significant differences between the semi-desert eastern islands and the more humid western ones. 

MARITIME. 

Maritime forests. 

Here there're also fox,brown bear,wildcat and capercaillie.

       

MEDITERRANEAN. 

Clear forests (pine)

   

Meadows (holm oak and cork oak)

        

Bush.

Pine.

Here there're also fox,rabbit.fallow deer,partridge and falcons.

         

ALPINE. 

Alpine pastures.

Here there're also marmot,eagles and wolfs.

CANARIAN. 

Dragon tree.

Laurel forest.

Here there're also Tizon lizard,dove, turkey and gulls.

           

STARTER UNIT COMPLETE GLOSSARY

Bother. Something is making you feeling angry.

Though. Sin embargo,aunque.

Complain. To express feelings of pain or resentment.

Apologise. To make excuse for or regretful acknowledgment of a fault or offense.

Sleepover. An instance of a child spending the night at another child's house.

You are driving me crazy. No me rayes

Don't drive yourself crazy. No te rayes

Dissapointed. Thwarted in hope,desire or expectation.

Fortnight. 15 days.











Have a lie-in. 


Sunbathe. To expose the body to the sun.

Update. To inform someone with the last information.











Mind 


Stumble. To miss one's step while walking or running, trip and almost fall.

Abroad. When you travel to another country.

Stranger. Someone that you don't know.

Foreigner. Someone that is from other country.

Caves. A hollow or natural passage under or into the Earth.

Memories. Something that is happened in the past and that you remember.

Souvenirs. An object that recalls a certain place or occasion.

Hire. To engage the temporary use os for a fee.

Get fire. Used to tell a person that he or she doesn't work more.

It's ages!. It's a long time (It's ages since I last bought a stamp!)

GEOGRAPHY UNIT 1 GLOSSARY

Banks of the river. A slope of land adjoining a body of water

Collide. To come together with violent, direct impact.

Crust. The solid, outermost layer of the Earth, lying above the mantle.

Mantle. The zone of the Earth between the core and the crust.

Core. The central portion of the Earth, and it's consisting of iron and nickel.

Tectonic plates. Large rigid blocks, that floating on semifluid rock.

Debris. An accumulation of relatively rock fragments.

Moraines. An accumulation of stones or debris carried by a glacier.

Mud. Wet,sticky and soft earth as on the banks of a river.

Shallow. Measuring little from bottom to the top or surface.

Tides. The periodic variation in the surface level of the oceans caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun.

Inlets. Is an indentation of a shoreline, that often lead to a body of salt water.

 CAPES

Cliffs. Vertical rock exposure, formed by erosion of the water.

LAND AND COASTAL RELIEF 

Mountain. High elevation on the Earth's surface, which can be grouped in mountain ranges.

Valleys. Areas of lowland surroundesd by uplands,often with a river running through.

Ravine. Very deep and narrow,between steep mountain slopes.

Canyon. Very deep area, between vertical mountain faces.

Glacial valley. Formed by a glacier into V-shape.Deep coastal valleys are called fjords.

Plateau. Large areas of flat or slightly hilly land and unlike plains,higher than the land around them.

Plains. Large areas of flat or slightly hilly land not much higher than sea level,formed by accumulation of sediments from erosion.

Glacier. Large mass of ice that forms at the top of a mountain and moves like a river.When the ice melts,the debris forms deposits of stone and mud called moraines.

Stream. Flow of water with less volume than a river,which can dry up at certain times of the year.

Delta. Accumulation of materials (sand and stones) deposited by the river in a shallow part of the coast where it meets the sea.

Estuary. Mouth of a river open to the sea originates on coasts with strong tides.

Gulfs. Are deep inletsof the sea.

Beaches. Are formed on low coasts by the accumulation of sand and gravel.

Capes. Are the large areas of high coastal land that stick out into the sea.

Cliffs. Are high,steep and rock faces, especially at the edge of the sea.

RELIEF ON THE OCEAN FLOOR

Continental shelf. Is a submerged plain,which is an underwater extension of a continent.

Abyssal plain. Is a large expanse of land at the bottom of the ocean.Here we find trenches (long sunken areas) and ocean ridges (underwater mountain ranges)

Continental slope. Is the incline from the continental shelf down to the abbysal plain.

PAST SIMPLE TENSE

We use the past simple tense to describe an action in the past.

SPELLING RULES.

1) Regular verbs. Add -ed            Walk- walked
                                                      Clean- Cleaned

2) Regular verbs ending in a silent -e. Add -d       Die- died 
                                                                               Close- closed

3) Regular verbs ending in a consonant and -y. Change the -y to -i and add -ed    Hurry- hurried

4) Regular verbs ending in a vowel and -y. Add -ed        Stay- stayed

5) Regular verbs formed by one syllable and that end in consonant+vowel+consonant. Double the           consonant and add -ed        Plan- planned

6) Regular verbs formed by more than one syllable and that end in consonant+vowel+consonant. Double the final consonant (only if the final syllable is stressed) and add -ed.    Regret: regretted
But if it's not stressed we only add -ed.    Transfer: transfered

7) Verbs ending in -l. Double the -l and add -ed.      Travel: travelled

There aren't rules for irregular verbs; you only have to learn the second column of the chart.

AFFIRMATIVE FORM.                         NEGATIVE FORM                          QUESTION FORM

I                    cleaned                              didn't clean                                       did I clean?
YOU             cleaned                              didn't clean                                       did YOU clean?
HE/SHE/IT   cleaned                              didn't clean                                       did HE/SHE/IT clean?
WE               cleaned                              didn't clean                                        did WE clean?
YOU            cleaned                               didn't clean                                        did YOU clean?
THEY          cleaned                               didn't clean                                       did THEY clean?


AFFIRMATIVE FORM. subject+verb regular (-ed) or irregular (2nd column)+complements
NEGATIVE FORM. subject+ 'did not' + the verb in infinitive form
QUESTION FORM. did+ subject+ verb in the infinitive form




VERB 'TO BE'

AFFIRMATIVE                           NEGATIVE                           QUESTION

I                    was                         wasn't                                    was I..?
YOU            were                        weren't                                  were YOU...?
HE/SHE/IT  was                         wasn't                                    was HE/SHE/IT...?
WE              were                        weren't                                   were WE...?
YOU            were                       weren't                                   were YOU...?
THEY          were                       weren't                                   were THEY...?



TIME EXPRESSIONS

Last night...                          10 minutes ago                             FOR 3 minutes           ALL day
        week...                               days ago                                                                              afternoon
        month...                             weeks ago                                                                            morning
        year...                                 years ago                                                                             evening



WHEN CLAUSES 

If we have two clauses in the past simple, the 'when clause' happend BEFORE the main clause (in time)
Example:   When Mark woke up, he shaved
                  Mark shaved, when he woke up